導讀Hi,I'mOlivier.WelcometoOxfordOnlineEnglish!，下面我們就來聊聊關(guān)于英語句子結(jié)構(gòu)及五種基本句型?接下來我們就一起去了....

Hi, Im Olivier. Welcome to Oxford Online English!，下面我們就來聊聊關(guān)于英語句子結(jié)構(gòu)及五種基本句型?接下來我們就一起去了解一下吧!

英語句子結(jié)構(gòu)及五種基本句型

Hi, Im Olivier. Welcome to Oxford Online English!

大家好，我是奧利維爾。歡迎來到牛津大學在線英語課程！

In this lesson, you can learn about sentence structure in English.

在這節(jié)課中，大家要學習的是學習英語的句子結(jié)構(gòu)。

Youll learn how to construct all kinds of sentences in English, from the simplest possible sentences, to long, complex sentences which contain many different ideas.

大家將學習如何構(gòu)造英語中的各種句子，從最簡單的句子到包含許多不同想法的長難句。

To begin, a question: Whats the simplest sentence you can make in English?

首先，問大家一個問題：你能用英語造的最簡單的句子是什么？

What does every sentence in English need?

英語每一句話都需要什么？

Every sentence needs a verb.

每個句子都需要一個動詞。

The simplest sentence is an imperative, which means when you tell someone to do something.

最簡單的句子是祈使句，也就是你告訴某人做某事時使用的句子。

For example: Run!

例如：快跑！

Leave!

離開！

Work!

工作！

These are the simplest complete sentences you can make in English; theyre just one word long!

這些是你能用英語造的最簡單的完整句子；它們只有一個單詞！

Of course, most sentences are longer than this.

當然，大多數(shù)句子都比這個長。

Most sentences that are longer than one word also need a noun before the verb.

大多數(shù)不止一個單詞的句子在動詞前也需要一個名詞。

This noun is the subject.

這個名詞就是主語。

With a subject plus a verb, you can make simple sentences like: He runs.

主語加動詞，你就可以造出簡單的句子，比如：他跑步。

She left.

她離開了。

Theyre working.

他們在工作。

You can see that the verb can be in different forms: past or present, simple or continuous.

你可以看到動詞可以有不同的形式：過去時、現(xiàn)在時，一般或者是進行時。

The verb form doesnt change the structure of the sentence.

動詞形式不會改變句子的結(jié)構(gòu)。

These are all the same: subject plus verb.

這些句子都是一樣的：主語加動詞。

Of course, these sentences arent very interesting.

當然，這些句子不是很有趣。

You cant say much with short sentences like these.

像這樣的短句你不能說太多。

Lets add a little more information.

讓我們再補充一點信息。

Take the sentence he runs.

以他跑步的句子為例。

What could you add after runs to make it longer?

你可以在“run”后添加什么來延長這個句子呢？

You could add an adverb of place: He runs around the park.

你可以加一個地點副詞：他繞著公園跑。

You could add an adverb of time: He runs every morning.

你可以加一個時間副詞：他每天早上跑步。

You could add both: He runs around the park every morning.

你可以兩個都添加：他每天早上繞著公園跑步。

You could add an adverb of manner: He runs slowly.

你可以加一個方式副詞：他跑得很慢。

You can see that you have many choices, but your choices are also limited.

你可以看到有很多選擇，但你的選擇也是有限的。

In this case, you can use different kinds of adverbs, but there are also things you cant use.

在這種情況下，你可以使用不同種類的副詞，但也有你不能使用的詞匯。

For example, you cant use another verb after run, you cant use an adjective, and you cant use a noun, or at least you cant use a noun with this meaning of run.

比如，在“run”之后不能用另一個動詞，不能用形容詞，不能用名詞，或者至少不能含有“run”同樣意思的名詞。

This is an important point, so lets look at it in more detail.

這是很重要的一點，讓我們更詳細地看一下吧。

To build grammatically complete sentences in English, theres one important question: what needs to come next?

要在英語中造出語法完整的句子，有一個重要的問題：接下來應(yīng)該是什么成分？

For example, you saw the sentence he runs.

例如，大家看到了“他跑步”的這個句子。

Thats a complete sentence.

這是一個完整的句子。

You can put a full stop after runs, and its correct.

你可以在跑完后畫一個句號，這是完全正確的。

Its very basic, but its correct.

非常基礎(chǔ)，但是是正確的。

What about these: She likes He wants We go These arent complete sentences.

這些呢？她喜歡他想要我們走這些不是完整的句子。

Can you explain why not?

你能解釋一下為什么嗎？

They arent complete, very simply, because they arent finished.

它們不完整，很簡單，因為這些句子沒有說完。

Look at the first sentence: She likes.

看第一句：她喜歡。

She likes…what?

她喜歡……什么？

She has to like something.

她需要喜歡一些東西。

He wants… What does he want?

他想要……他想要什么？

You cant just want, you have to want something.

你不能只是“想要”，你必須想要某些東西。

We go… Where?

我們?nèi)ァ睦铮?/p>

At this point, we want to teach you a word: complement.

說到這里，我們要教大家一個詞：補語。

The complement is the thing you add after a verb to make a sentence complete.

補語是在動詞后面加的東西，使句子保持完整。

A complement can have many different forms.

補語可以有許多不同的形式。

It can be a noun, a verb, an adjective or an adverb.

它可以是名詞、動詞、形容詞或副詞。

These things can be single words or phrases.

可以是單個單詞或短語。

For example, when we say noun, we also mean noun phrases.

例如，當我們說“名詞”時，我們也可以指名詞短語。

So, table is a noun, and the wooden table which my grandmother gave me is also a noun.

桌子是一個名詞，我奶奶給我的木桌也是一個名詞。

Both nouns refer to one object — one table.

兩個名詞都指一個物體——一張桌子。

For this lesson, a noun can be one word, or a phrase.

在這節(jié)課中，名詞可以是一個單詞，也可以是一個短語。

Okay, lets practice.

好吧，讓我們練習一下。

Look at the first sentence: she likes.

看第一句：她喜歡。

How could you finish this?

怎么能完成這個句子？

What are the possible complements?

有哪些可能的補語呢？

Pause the video and write down three endings for your sentence.

暫停視頻，為你的句子寫下三個結(jié)尾。

Try to use different ideas and structures.

嘗試使用不同的想法和結(jié)構(gòu)。

Ready?

準備好了嗎？

Lets look at some possible answers.

讓我們看看一些可能的答案。

These are just our suggestions; of course there are many possibilities!

這些只是我們的建議；當然還有很多可能性！

She likes strawberries.

她喜歡草莓。

She likes swimming.

她喜歡游泳。

She likes getting up before the sun rises.

她喜歡在太陽升起前起床。

She likes to listen to music while she works.

她喜歡邊工作邊聽音樂。

You can see that theres more than one possible complement: you can use a noun, a gerund (a verb with -ing which acts like a noun) , a gerund phrase, or an infinitive verb with to.

你可以看到補語不止一種：你可以使用名詞、動名詞（動名詞帶-ing，就像名詞一樣）、動名詞短語或不定式動詞加 to。

So, you have many choices!

所以，你有很多選擇！

However, like before, your choices are also limited.

但是同樣地，你的選擇也是有限的。

Only certain structures are possible.

只有某些結(jié)構(gòu)是可以的。

The idea of complements isnt just for the first verb in the sentence.

補語不僅僅是為了補充句子中的第一個動詞。

Many words need a complement.

很多單詞都需要補語。

For example, look at one of the sentences you just saw: She likes getting up before the sun rises.

例如，看看你剛剛看到的一個句子：她喜歡在太陽升起前起床。

Technically, you can say She likes getting up.

嚴格來說，你可以說她喜歡起床。

Its a grammatically complete sentence, but youd never say it.

這是一個語法完整的句子，但你永遠不會這么說。

Why not?

為什么不呢？

Because it doesnt make any sense.

因為這沒有任何意義。

You need more information.

你需要更多的信息。

She likes getting up…when?

她喜歡起床……什么時候？

Why?

為什么？

How?

怎樣？

You need a complement after getting up to complete the idea.

在“getting up”之后，你需要一個補語使其完整。

She likes getting up before… Before also needs a complement.

她喜歡在……之前起床。“Before”也需要一個補語。

You cant stop there.

你不能停在那里。

Before what?

在什么時候之前？

She likes getting up before the sun….

她喜歡在太陽出來之前起床……

This also doesnt work, because it doesnt make sense.

這也說不通，因為這沒有任何意義。

It doesnt make sense because the sun needs a complement.

這說不通，因為太陽需要一個補語。

Before the sun does what?

在太陽怎樣之前？

She likes getting up before the sun rises.

她喜歡在太陽升起前起床。

Ok, finally we have a sentence which is both grammatically complete and which communicates meaning.

好的，最后我們得到了一個句子，它在語法上是完整的，也能傳達意義。

What should you remember from this?

你應(yīng)該記住什么呢？

Remember that when you use a particular word, you have limited choices in what kind of word you use next.

請記住，當你使用一個特定的單詞時，你對接下來使用什么樣的單詞的選擇是有限的。

To speak or write in clear, correct English, you dont just need to know English words.

為了用清晰正確的英語說話或?qū)懽鳎悴粌H需要了解英語單詞本身。

You need to know what can come next.

你還需要知道接下來是什么。

For example, with a verb like like or want, its not enough to know the verb.

例如，對于動詞來說，比如“l(fā)ike”或“want”，僅僅知道這個動詞是不夠的。

You also need to know whether the verb needs a complement, and what complements are — or arent — possible.

你還需要知道動詞是否需要補語，可以加什么補語，不能加什么補語。

This is why its good to learn vocabulary in full phrases and sentences.

這就是為什么學習完整的短語和句子是有好處的。

That way, youll know how to use the words you learn to make sentences you can use in your spoken or written English.

這樣，你就可以知道如何使用你學的單詞來造出在口語和書面語中使用的句子。

Using what youve seen up to now, you can build many simple English sentences.

使用你到目前為止所看到的內(nèi)容，你可以造句許多英語簡單句。

Lets see how you can add more information and more detail to these simple sentences.

讓我們看看如何在這些簡單的句子中添加更多的信息和細節(jié)吧。

You can add information to a simple sentence in two ways: you can add adjectives or adverbs.

你可以通過兩種方式給一個簡單的句子添加信息：你可以添加形容詞或副詞。

Lets look at an example, using a sentence we started before, but we didnt finish: He wants… Actually, you should do some work!

讓我們看一個例子，用一個我們之前用過但是不完整的句子：他想要……事實上，你應(yīng)該做些事情！

Pause the video, and finish this sentence in three different ways.

暫停視頻，用三種不同的方式完成這句話。

Start again when you have your answers.

等你有了答案再開始視頻。

Ready?

準備好了嗎？

Heres our suggestion: He wants to buy a car.

我們的建議是：他想買一輛車。

Now, lets add some description using adjectives and adverbs.

現(xiàn)在，讓我們用形容詞和副詞來補充一些描述。

Can you see how you could add adjectives to this sentence?

你能給這個句子加上形容詞嗎？

You could add adjectives before the word car, like this: He wants to buy a new car.

你可以在單詞“car”前加上形容詞，像這樣：他想買一輛新車。

He wants to buy a second-hand car.

他想買一輛二手車。

He wants to buy a bright red car.

他想買一輛亮紅色的汽車。

What about adverbs?

副詞呢？

Could you add adverbs to these sentences to add some details?

你能在這些句子中通過添加副詞來增加一些細節(jié)嗎？

There are many possibilities; for example: Apparently, he wants to buy a new car.

有許多可能性；例如：顯然，他想買輛新車。

He wants to buy a second-hand car next month.

他想下個月買一輛二手車。

He wants to buy a bright red car for his new girlfriend.

他想給他的新女友買一輛亮紅色的汽車。

You can see that adverbs can be single words or phrases.

大家可以看到，副詞可以是單個單詞或短語。

Adjectives can go before the noun they describe, or after some verbs.

形容詞可以放在他們描述的名詞之前，也可以放在一些動詞之后。

Adverbs are more complicated, and can go in many different positions.

副詞比較復雜，可以有很多不同的位置。

However, this is the important point: using adjectives and adverbs like this doesnt change whether a sentence is complete or not.

然而，這是非常重要的一點：使用這樣的形容詞和副詞并不能改變一個句子的完整性。

If you say: He wants to buy a car.

如果你說：他想買一輛車。

Thats a complete sentence.

這是一個完整的句子。

You can add adjectives and adverbs to it to make it more detailed: Apparently, he wants to buy a second-hand car for his new girlfriend.

你可以給它加上形容詞和副詞，使它更加詳細：顯然，他想給他的新女朋友買一輛二手車。

However, if a sentence is incomplete, then you cant make it complete by adding adjectives or adverbs: He wants to buy… This sentence is incomplete.

然而，如果一個句子本身是不完整的話，那么你并不能通過添加形容詞或副詞來使它完整：他想買……這個句子不完整。

Adding adjectives and adverbs wont make it complete.

添加形容詞和副詞不會使它完整。

So, at this point, you can build a simple sentence.

所以到目前為止，你可以造出一個簡單的句子。

You also hopefully understand something about complements and why theyre important for making complete sentences, and now you can also add description to a complete sentence using adjectives and adverbs.

希望大家現(xiàn)在了解了一些關(guān)于補語的內(nèi)容，以及為什么它們對造出完整的句子如此重要，現(xiàn)在大家就可以用形容詞和副詞給完整的句子添加描述啦。

Lets look at how you can combine these simple sentences into complex ones.

讓我們看看如何將這些簡單的句子組合成復雜的句子。

First, lets define some words.

首先，讓我們定義一些單詞。

A conjunction is something which joins two sentences or two parts of a sentence together.

連詞是將兩個句子或句子的兩個部分連接在一起的單詞。

Words like and, but, if, although, because or which are conjunctions.

像“and”、“but”、“if”、“although”、“because”或“which”都是連詞。

A complex sentence contains two or more parts joined with a conjunction.

一個復合句包含兩個或多個由連詞連接的部分。

These parts are called clauses.

這些部分稱為子句。

An independent clause expresses a complete idea, and could stand by itself.

一個獨立的句子表達了一個完整的概念，并且可以獨立存在。

A dependent clause would not make sense if it were by itself.

而從屬子句如果單獨存在的話是沒有意義的。

A dependent clause depends on an independent clause in the same sentence in order to have meaning.

從屬子句需要依賴于同一個句子中的獨立句才能有意義。

Dont worry if this is new — you dont need to remember everything right now.

如果大家之前沒有了解的話，不要擔心——你現(xiàn)在不需要記住一切內(nèi)容。

Youll see lots of examples of these ideas in this section and the next section, too.

在本節(jié)和下一節(jié)中，你會看到很多關(guān)于這些概念的例子。

In this section, youre going to learn about complex sentences with two independent clauses.

在本節(jié)中，大家將學習帶有兩個獨立子句的復合句。

Okay, enough abstract talk!

好了，抽象的內(nèi)容就說這么多啦！

Lets see some examples: He runs around the park every morning, so hes in pretty good shape.

讓我們看一些例子：他每天早上繞著公園跑步，所以他的身材很好。

She likes strawberries, but she hardly ever eats them.

她喜歡草莓，但她幾乎從不吃。

You should write to her and thank her for the present.

你應(yīng)該給她寫信，謝謝她送的禮物。

These are simple examples of complex sentences.

這些是復雜句子的簡單例子。

Heres your recipe: independent clause conjunction independent clause.

這是其中的訣竅：獨立子句 連詞 獨立子句。

You generally need a comma at the end of the first clause, before the conjunction, but comma rules are quite flexible in English, so you wont always need a comma.

你通常需要在第一個子句的結(jié)尾和連詞之前加一個逗號，但是逗號規(guī)則在英語中非常靈活，所以并不總是需要加逗號。

Look at the first example: He runs around the park every morning, so hes in pretty good shape.

看第一個例子：他每天早上繞著公園跑步，所以他的身材很好。

Which word is the conjunction?

連詞是哪個詞？

The conjunction is so.

連詞是“so”。

You can split this sentence into two full, meaningful sentences: Lets look at one more: She likes strawberries, but she hardly ever eats them.

你可以把這個句子分成兩個完整的、有意義的句子：讓我們再看一個：她喜歡草莓，但她幾乎從不吃。

Again, you can split this into two full sentences.

同樣，你可以把它分成兩個完整的句子。

You might think that the second sentence here isnt complete or doesnt make sense by itself.

你可能會認為這里的第二句話不完整或者本身沒有意義。

As it is, youd be right.

其實你想的是對的。

However, you can change them to strawberries, and then its a complete, meaningful sentence: But, she hardly ever eats strawberries.

然而，你可以把“them”換成“strawberries”，這就是一個完整有意義的句子了：但是，她幾乎從不吃草莓。

You can keep adding conjunctions and clauses for as long as you want: She likes strawberries, but she hardly ever eats them, and she doesnt earn much money, so she has to be careful how much she spends on groceries, and fresh food is generally more expensive than canned or frozen produce, so… Of course, just because you can, it doesnt mean its a good idea.

你可以隨時添加連詞和子句：她喜歡草莓，但她幾乎從不吃草莓，而且她掙的錢也不多，所以她必須計算在食品雜貨上的花費，而且新鮮食品通常比罐裝或冷凍產(chǎn)品貴，所以……當然，僅僅因為你可以這么做，并不意味著這樣做是個好主意。

Sentences with too many clauses are difficult to follow, so its generally better to limit your complex sentences to two or, maximum, three clauses.

子句太多的句子會很難理解，所以一般最好把復雜句子限制在兩個或最多三個子句。

Now, you know how to build complex sentences using independent clauses.

現(xiàn)在，你知道如何使用獨立子句構(gòu)建復雜的句子了。

What about dependent clauses?

那從屬子句呢？

Do you remember the definition of a dependent clause?

你還記得從屬子句的定義嗎？

A dependent clause is a part of a sentence which would not make sense by itself.

從屬子句是句子的一部分，它本身沒有意義。

Lets see an example: Shes taller than I am.

讓我們看一個例子：她比我高。

This short sentence has two clauses.

這個短句有兩個子句。

Can you see where the two clauses start and end, and which one is dependent?

你能看到這兩個子句從哪里開始和結(jié)束的，哪一個是從屬的嗎？

The two clauses are: Shes taller.

這兩個子句是：她更高。

And: Than I am.

和：比我。

Theyre linked with the conjunction than.

它們由連詞“than”聯(lián)系在一起。

The second clause, than I am, is dependent.

第二個從句，比我，是從屬的。

It doesnt make sense by itself.

它本身沒有意義。

Lets see some other ways to build complex sentences with dependent clauses.

讓我們看看用從句構(gòu)造復雜句子的其他方法。

You can add a dependent clause with conjunctions like if, because, although, unless, or wherever.

你可以添加一個帶有連詞的從屬子句，例如“if”、“because”、“although”、“unless”或者是“wherever”。

For example: If youre late, Ill leave without you.

例如：如果你遲到了，我就不等你了。

Hes broke because he spent all his money on beer.

他破產(chǎn)了，因為他把所有的錢都花在了啤酒上。

Although she spends a lot of time at work, she doesnt get much done.

雖然她花很多時間在工作上，但她做完的事情并不多。

I wont do it unless you come with me.

除非你和我一起去，否則我不會做這件事的。

We can meet wherever you want.

我們可以在你想去的任何地方見面。

Often, you can change the order of the two clauses if you want, so you can say: If youre late, Ill leave without you.

通常，如果你愿意的話，你可以改變這兩個從句的順序，所以你可以說：如果你遲到了，我就不等你了。

Or: Ill leave without you if youre late.

或者是：如果你遲到了，我就不等你了。

Notice that theres a comma between the two clauses if the dependent clause is first, but not if the independent clause is first.

請注意，如果從屬子句是第一個的話，那兩個子句之間有逗號，但如果獨立子句是第一個的話，則沒有逗號。

Whats the difference between these complex sentences and the ones you saw in part four?

這些復雜的句子和你在第四部分看到的有什么區(qū)別呢？

Here, you cant split the sentence in two.

在這里，你不能把句子一分為二。

Well, you can, but one of the two parts wont make sense: If youre late.

可以是可以，但是兩個部分中的其中一個是沒有意義的：如果你遲到了。

Ill leave without you.

我就不等你了。

Ill leave without you is an independent clause, so it makes sense by itself.

我就不等你了是一個獨立的子句，所以它本身就有意義。

But the other clause — if youre late — is dependent, and it doesnt make sense by itself.

但是另一個子句——如果你遲到了——是從屬的，它本身沒有意義。

It needs something more to make it complete.

它需要更多的內(nèi)容來使其完整。

What other common ways are there to build complex sentences with dependent clauses?

用從句構(gòu)建復合句還有哪些常見的方法？

Another common structure is relative clauses, using relative pronouns like who, which or what to link two clauses.

另一個常見的結(jié)構(gòu)是關(guān)系從句，使用關(guān)系代詞，如“who”、“what”或“what”來連接兩個從句。

For example: Thats the guy who shouted at me.

例如：那就是那個沖我大喊大叫的人。

I have no idea whats going on.

我不知道發(fā)生了什么。

They gave us a cake which was made from dried beetroot.

他們給了我們一個蛋糕，是用干甜菜根做的。

In these cases, the dependent clause goes after the independent clause.

在這些情況下，從屬子句位于獨立子句之后。

Lets review what youve learned in this lesson.

讓我們回顧一下你在這節(jié)課中學到的內(nèi)容。

You can build a very simple sentence, with just a verb: Work!

你可以造一個非常簡單的句子，只用一個動詞：工作！

You can add a subject and complement to make a simple sentence: She works in a zoo.

你可以添加一個主語和補語來造一個簡單的句子：她在動物園工作。

You can use adjectives and adverbs to add description.

你可以用形容詞和副詞來增加描述。

Apparently, she works in a private zoo.

顯然，她在一家私人動物園工作。

You can make a complex sentence by adding a second independent clause, with a conjunction.

你可以通過添加第二個獨立子句和連詞來造一個復雜的句子。

Apparently, she works in a private zoo, so she must know a lot about animals.

顯然，她在一家私人動物園工作，所以她一定很了解動物。

You can also make a complex sentence by adding a dependent clause, or even several dependent clauses, again using conjunctions to connect them.

你也可以通過添加一個從屬子句，甚至幾個從屬子句來造一個復雜的句子，同樣地也是使用連詞來連接它們。

Apparently, she works in a private zoo, so she must know a lot about animals, which surprises me because as far as I know she studied economics at university, although I guess I could be wrong.

顯然，她在一家私人動物園工作，所以她一定對動物了解很多，這讓我很驚訝，因為據(jù)我所知，她在大學學的是經(jīng)濟學，盡管我想我可能記錯了。

This is a big topic, and it will take you time to learn everything about these points.

這是一個很大的話題，你需要時間來學習關(guān)于這些要點的所有內(nèi)容。

Studying conjunctions and how they work can help you to build complex sentences which are clear and correct.

研究連詞及其原理可以幫助你構(gòu)造清晰正確的復雜句子。

Relative clauses are another useful topic if you want to improve your sentence grammar.

如果你想提高你的句子語法水平的話，關(guān)系從句是另一個非常有用的話題。

Learning about relative clauses can help you to connect your ideas in complex sentences.

學習關(guān)系從句可以幫助你在復雜的句子中將不同想法進行連接。

Its also a good idea to study verb complements and learn what structures you can or cant use after a verb.

學習動詞補語，學習動詞后可以使用或不可以使用的結(jié)構(gòu)也是一個好主意。

Remember that a lot of sentence structure is being able to answer the question: "What needs to come next?" We hope this lesson was useful for you.

請記住，很多句子結(jié)構(gòu)能夠回答這個問題：“接下來需要做什么？”我們希望大家覺得這節(jié)課有用。

Check out our website for more free English lessons: Oxford Online English dot com.

查看我們的網(wǎng)站以獲取更多免費英語課程：Oxford Online English dot com。

Thanks for watching!

感謝收看！

See you next time!

下節(jié)課再見！